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The Rise of Germany to a Fascist State The Role of Hitler’s Personality and Oratory
When we have such a big country as Germany and when we have a chance to choose whatever we want to write about Germany, it makes me to think about the most interesting topic for this country, which I would like to discuss. Once, my German History teacher gave me some topic to think about. “German-Russian affairs” looks really nice topic but it makes me to think about period of time that I will have to cover. It is always hard to discuss such kind of global themes. I am not trying to say that “The Rise of Germany to a Fascist State The Role of Hitler’s Personality and Oratory” is very easy to discuss but here you have something to analyze and something to think about. You have a period of time that you have to cover and you know what you are trying to explain.
Before I begin I would like to share with you why Germany became so interesting for me. Of course, this country is the centre of Europe. Its history covers a huge period of time and it’s hard to understand sometimes. What make me to think and to be interested in Germany are its people, its culture and how this country makes such a great technological progress.
Custom writing service can write essays on The Rise of Germany to a Fascist State: The Role of Hitler’s Personality and Oratory
My paper will cover a period of time from 10’s to 10’s. Why from 10’s? After the First World War, during the 10’s and early 10’s, Germany was unstable socially economically and politically. The governments were more often in a state of disarray than not, the populace was disillusioned and scared. In 1 the Great Wall Street stock market crashed. People saw how the economy crumbled. These unfavourable factors combined to create a nation of precarious stature, a country, which was looking for a savior. This came in the form
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of fascism, “an ideology in which the individual is dominated by an all-powerful state under the control of one supreme leader” (Joes, 74). These difficulties gave Hitler and the Nazi party the opportunity to employ their propaganda skills to capture this disenchanted nation and win their hearts, but more importantly, to manipulate their minds.
As I understand, there is no single explanation why the Nazis were able to gain so much support during the 10’s. Some people suggest that this movement grew because something was wrong in the German character. “However, modern historians recognize that a combination of factors such as Hitlers personality and mesmerizing oratory skills, the problems with the Weimar Republic, the Nazis effective use of propaganda, Hitlers exploitation of the Dolchstoss myth and the German peoples fear of communism and the Great Depression all aided the National Socialist Workers’ Party (NSDAP, or Nazi Party) in attracting growing support throughout the 10’s” (Keegan, 6). “The hand to lead the people of Germany out of all the problems and deceptions of these terrible times was Adolf Hitler, fascist dominator. These difficulties gave Hitler and the Nazi party the opportunity to employ their propaganda skills to capture this disenchanted nation and win their hearts, but more importantly, to manipulate their minds” (Koenigsberg, 87).
In this paper I will make a research on the Hitler’s character, I will try to analyze why his personality became so important for NSDAP. His art of speech captured his audiences’ attention with greater ease than any other figure in history. This factor becomes very important when we talk about major reasons why the Nazi Party was able to attract growing support in the 10’s. I will pay some attention to the events that happened in 11, including the
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Spartacist putsch that took place in January 11. Two main leaders of the Spartacist Communist movement were lost that brought to the suppression of the communist movement. This factor saw some support move from the communist party to the Nazi’s and Hitler.
Another factor that I can’t miss is the Treaty of Versailles. This Treaty covers a lot of different topics. For me it’s important that it’s connected with the Weimar Republic and the Socialist Politicians. Later, we notice that middle class voters soon became disillusioned by the Weimar government, and turned their voting habits around towards Hitler’s Nazi Party at the expense of the National Party, the People’s Party and the Democrats. As you understand my paper will cover the subjects, which put Hitler and his party on the top. It couldn’t happen so fast and time needed but Hitler could use this time and he got what he was looking for. We are talking about the popularity of Hitler, how this popularity grew.
The Spartacist putsch
“The Spartacist rising of 11 was an early political factor that encouraged the initial success of Hitler during the rise of fascism in Germany during the 10s”(Rhodes, 56). January 5 11 saw an unprepared and badly staged Spartacist putsch, where the communists led by Rosa Luxemburg, captured the headquarters of the governments newspapers and the telegraph bureau. The Spartacist rising was easily crushed by the Freikorps. Rosa Luxemburg and fellow Spartacist Communist leader Karl Liebknecht were murdered, stripping the communists of their leaders. “Not only did the failed and fruitless rising influence people further from the communists, due to such unreliable politics, but the loss of both leaders suppressed the communist movement such that they didnt recover”(Rhodes, 78) Both factors
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saw some support move from the communist party to the Nazis and Hitler. Ultimately the murders resulted in one less party to oppose the Nazis.
The Treaty of Versailles
“On the 8th June 11 two government members of Germany went to the Palace of Versailles, near Paris, to sign a document, which was to become known to the German people as the Shameful Dikat of Versailles” (Knowlton, Cates, 116). The Germans named
the Treaty of Versailles so for three main reasons. They felt it was too harsh, that it was a forceful dictated peace, and most importantly, they felt they had not lost the war, and so did not deserve such severe punishment. “For a nation of such strong pride and self-regard, the treaty resulted in tormented years of blame. The main parties affected being the Weimar Republic and the Socialist Politicians whom signed the dishonorable treaty”(Knowlton, Cates, 11).
The Weimar government, established in 11, was in difficulty from the onset. Its final acceptance of the treaty earned it unwelcome criticism from ordinary Germans who were of the opinion it should never have been signed. “The famous ‘stab-in-the-back’ legend began to circulate, which denied that the army had never been defeated in W.W.I, but had been betrayed by traitors such as the pacifists, gypsies, Jews, Communists and corrupt politicians” (Brady, 58). Middle class voters soon became disillusioned by the Weimar government, and turned their voting habits around towards Hitler’s Nazi Party at the expense of the National Party, the People’s Party and the Democrats. “Popularity for the Nazi party and the ‘super man’ Hitler swelled allowing them the opportunity to encourage the marginalization of the Jews, gypsies and other minority groups” (Brady, 6). Evidently, this began to influence the German people
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towards the fascist way of thinking.
“On the 8 November 1 Hitler and the Nazi party held the ‘Munich Beer-Hall Putsch’ in an attempt to stage a National revolution, and seize power to rule the nation” (Brady, 75). This putsch became very successful for Nazis even if Hitler was arrested. This putsch put the Party on the National political scene and made Hitler to become famous and widely known around the country. In the prison Hitler made the conclusion “...Instead of working to achieve power by an armed coup we shall have to hold our noses and enter the
Reichstag against the Catholic and Marxist deputies. If outvoting them takes longer than outshining them, at least the results will be guaranteed by their own Constitution! Any lawful
process is slow. But sooner or later we shall have a majority - and after that Germany” (Adolf Hitler, Extract from a letter, 14).
During its early years the Weimar Government faced many problems, which came to a head during 1. Due to economic fragility, Germany didnt keep up with its reparation payments. To pay for the costs of passive resistance, the government simply printed more money. The net result was hyperinflation. For many Germans hyperinflation caused more suffering than the war, which resulted in festering anger and resentfulness. They blamed the Weimar government, which had agreed to pay reparations under the Versailles treaty.
This exasperation meant that many people were more willing to listen to extremist parties who called for its over throw. One of the most successful was the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler.
Great Depression
October 1 marked a worldwide slide into the ‘Great Depression’ due to the famous Wall Street Crash in the United States. It is evident that the depression deeply affected all of
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Germany in various ways. “Businessmen saw their business close as there was less money to spend and investments were withdrawn, and by 1 over half of young German people between 16-0 were unemployed. 10 led farmers into further debt due to the further price falls, initiated in 15, and 40% of factory workers were sacked. This economic crisis soon led to social misery” (Joes, 45).
“It became apparent that the Weimar government had little idea of how to fix the rising unemployment and growing poverty, the credibility of the country’s leaders soon came under question, and people soon looked to other parties who had answers on how to fix these problems” (Reich, 6). Adolf Hitler recognized this time as being profitable. The weakness of the Weimar Republic turned many people to Hitler’s ways, due to this worrying expression of faulty politics. “The Nazi’s being one of the more dominant, blamed the Weimar Republic, the
Treaty of Versailles, the Marxists and the Jews. They also promised to expel the enemy within who was destroying Germany. People favoured these views in comparison to other extremist parties and the Weimar government, which aided Hitlers rise to success by granting him the support he needed to come into power” (Burleigh, 11).
The German people were tired of the political disputes in Berlin. They were tired of misery, tired of suffering, tired of weakness. These were desperate times and they were willing to listen to anyone, even Adolf Hitler. In his speeches, Hitler offered the Germans what they needed most, encouragement. He promised to bring order to the chaos, a feeling of unity to all and the chance to belong.
“As the subject of a power profile, Hitler is by any stretch of the imagination a remarkable case. For the first thirty years of his life he was nobody. In the remaining twenty-
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six years of his existence he came to leave an indelible mark on history as the dictator of Germany and instigator of a genocidal war which marked the steepest descent in civilized values known in modern times, ending with his own country and much of Europe in ruins” (Kershaw, 1).
Hitler was born in a small town in Austria in 188. As a young boy, he showed little ambition. After dropping out of high school, he moved to Vienna to study art, but he was denied the chance to join Vienna academy of fine arts. When WWI broke out, Hitler joined Kaiser Wilhelmer’s army as a Corporal. “He was not a person of great importance. He was a
creature of a Germany created by WWI, and his behavior was shaped by that war and its consequences” (Langer, 40). He had emerged from Austria with many prejudices, including a powerful prejudice against Jews. “In Hitler’s case the prejudice had become maniacal it was a dominant force in his private and political personalities. Anti-Semitism was not a policy for Adolf Hitler-it was religion” (Wistrich, 5). And in the Germany of the 10s, stunned by
defeat, and the ravages of the Versailles treaty, it was not hard for a leader to convince millions that one element of the nation’s society was responsible for most of the evils heaped upon it.
How could such a figure even for a few short years come to direct the fortunes of one of the most economically developed and culturally advanced nations of the world? How could Hitler become for a while the most powerful man in Europe? “He didn’t come from the sort of family which traditionally produced Germany’s leaders. He did not emerge from within the usual power elites. He was a rank outsider. Deep-seated ideological phobias and an unusual demagogic talent to rouse the base instincts of the masses, coupled with some bizarre personal mannerisms, were for a long time all he seemed to have to offer” (Kershaw, 5).
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It was as a propagandist, an agitator and an unusually talented demagogue that Hitler first won attention. Within the space of only a few months, he became the star speaker of the infant National Socialist German Worker’s Party. “It was Hitler who announced the party’s programme, which he had partly drafted and edited, on 4 February 10. During 10 he spoke more than thirty times before audiences of some several hundred to over two thousand persons. With Hitler as the ‘front man’, the Party membership reached ,000 by late 10 and ,00 by August 11 � a sharp rise since he himself had joined as the fifty-fifth member in September 11”(Kershaw, 44).
The history of the Nazi Party down to 1 shows plainly that it was a most unstable movement comprising extremely diverse factions and interests, with strong centrifugal and disintegrative tendencies. “Hitler’s supreme power as ‘master in the Third Reich’ is taken for granted, and the history of Nazism in power is seen as the history of the programmed and consequential implementation of Hitler’s ideological intentions (Kershaw, ). “Leadership was, then, in itself no guarantee of internal unity. But there is every reason to imagine that without the enhancement of Hitler’s supreme authority in the Movement, elevated by the unusually strong personality cult which became attached to him, the Party would have been torn apart by factionalism” (Kershaw, 4).
Finally, to the advantage of the Nazi Party, during the Great Depression extremism was on a rise. Extremist parties who claimed they could solve the problems were rife. “The Nazi’s being one of the more dominant, blamed the Weimar Republic, the Treaty of Versailles, the Marxists and the Jews. They also promised to expel the enemy within who was destroying Germany. People favoured these views in comparison to other extremist parties and the
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Weimar government, which aided Hitlers rise to success by granting him the support he needed to come into power” (Burleigh, 11-paper page 6).
“With the careful employment of propaganda that the Nazi Party was so well known for, Hitler was portrayed as the hand to lift the people of Germany out of the Great Depression” (Shirer, ). With his powerful and dominant personality, Hitler was able to capture the discontent and fears of the nation and transform these into votes, by serving an organized and efficient contrast to the incompetent and clumsy Weimar republic figureheads. “Consequently, the swing of voters to support the Nazi Party due to factors of economic instability aided Hitler’s rise to power, hence the rise of Germany towards existence as a fascist state” (Shirer, 5).
Hitler and the Nazis role as a socially recognized power group played a large part in the establishment of Germany as a fascist state during the 10-0’s. The people of Germany began looking toward the rising politician, Adolf Hitler, and the growing Nazi movement as the vehicle to hitch themselves to. He was the autocratic leader who would lead them out of these extremely unfavorable times. He would find in this downhearted people, an audience very willing to listen. He would make Germany strong again, end payment of war reparations
to the Allies, tear up the treaty of Versailles, stamp out corruption, keep down Marxism, and deal harshly with the Jews. This dominating approach would soon establish him in control of the country, allowing Hitler to achieve sufficient support to guide Germany towards existence as a fascist state.
Although their beliefs were strong on many issues, a very significant reason why they gained such social and political power was due to their flexibility. “Hitler’s chief assets were
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his speech making ability and a keen sense of what the people wanted to hear, as he was already looking at how he could carry his movement to the rest of Germany” (Brady, 175).
Much of Hitlers success as a politician during his pilgrimage to higher power in Germany was due to his powerful and dominating personality. A master orator, not only was Hitler a charismatic speaker, but his public speaking was so passionate and dynamic that the crowds would be driven wild with enthusiasm of the ideas he preached. Hitler’s devoted oratory often made vague promises while avoiding the details, by using simple catch phrases, repeated over and over. Hitler’s dominance and authoritarian nature was a much-needed change for the people of Germany, following the indecisive and so often unsuccessful muddlings of the Weimar government and its predecessors.
After many electoral campaigns and carefully planned propaganda crusades the Nazis realized that it didn’t really matter what they promised, as long as people trusted them. “Following his imprisonment as a repercussion of the Munich Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler had a new idea on how to topple the government and take over Germany for himself and the Nazis - He would play by the democratic rules and get elected” (Brady, 178). “For example, at one time the Nazis spoke firmly for the nationalization of industry, yet when
they realized the alarmed response from the industrialists the idea was dropped and not mentioned again. If all else failed, the Nazis simply made vague promises of how they were going to make Germany great again” (Brady, 180).
Organization was also a factor in the support the Nazis gained during this period. Excellent coordination brought to the Nazi group obedience, collaboration and teamwork. They had skilled leaders at almost every level who were well trained and motivated, combining to
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create a strict and dominant party. The factor of strong organization was popular among many German people, compared to the weak and insufficient muddlings of the Weimar government. As it was, Hitler remained the party’s chief asset � its populist magnet and chief vote-winner. With him, most leading Nazis recognized, stood or fell the chances of attaining power. “It encouraged those at the center of the Party to work actively to build up and accept the Fuhrer cult, extolling Hitler as beyond criticism, the fond of ideological orthodoxy, and the focus of unquestioning obedience”(Kershaw, 44). In the early post-war years, the explanation of Nazism and its baleful consequences was at times so exclusively personified in Hitler that it could seem as if an entire nation’s otherwise healthy evolution had been hijacked by the diabolical influence of a single man.
Propaganda played a large part in the popularity of the Nazi party. Every trick in the book was employed to express their anti-Communist fascist stance. Their use of powerful
propaganda messages further influenced hatred of the communist party, and any other potential leader, hence increasing the support of the Nazis. “A Department of Public Propaganda and Enlightenment, led by a prominent figure of the Nazi Party, Doctor Joseph Goebbels, controlled all forms of media. Goebbels brilliantly organized thousands of meetings and parades, plastered posters everywhere and printed millions of copies of special editions of Nazi newspapers” (Reich, 18).
Non-Nazi newspapers were taken over by a Nazi publishing company. Over two thirds of the press were under Nazi control, hence social support for the Nazis transpired.
Campaigns and rallies were also staged to increase the Nazi party’s visibility and loyalty, hence lessening the allegiance towards other groups. Mass rallies held at Nuremberg annually
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brought together thousands of people for parades and displays in the name of Nazi ideology. Between rallies, local SA or Hitler youth groups campaigned for the support of Hitler and the Nazi party in addition.
Radio stations were also brought under the control of the Nazis. “By 1 ‘the Peoples Receiver’ was sold so inexpensively that seven of every ten households owned one. This was another Nazi scheme used to communicate with the people, consequently expressing their Nazi views and compelling Germany towards becoming a fascist nation” (Halsall, ).
In summary, the swing of voters to support of the Nazi Party was due to many factors. These included economic and political instability, increasing violence, and a need for an authoritarian figurehead aided Hitler’s rise to power, hence the rise of Germany towards existence as a fascist state. More specifically, the Great Depression, faulty political procedure, the weakness of the Weimar government, Nazi tactics and Hitler’s excellent leadership skills also played a large part in the shaping of Germany as a fascist nation. “Once in power, Hitler was able to manipulate the minds and hearts of this disenchanted nation towards anything, once trust was gain. This is how normal people came to accept the horrific acts of manipulation, marginalization, and finally murder, which came to a rise during Hitler’s term as Fuhrer of Germany, the Fascist state” (Gilbert, 46).
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