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Bio 110 Review Sheet- Chapters 16 and 17, Material for Lecture Test #4


1. Define polymer, nucleotide, DNA, deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous bases (thymine, cytosine, adenine, guanine), pyrimidines, purines, hydrogen bonds, double helix semi-conservative replication, replication bubbles, replication fork, leading strand, lagging strand, antiparallel DNA strands, helicases, primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase Okazaki fragment, mismatch repair vs. excision repair, RNA, ribose, uracil, gene, protein, transcription, translation, polypeptide, mRNA, tRNA, amino acid, codon, start codon, termination codon, anticodon, promotor, transcription factor, tata box, RNA polymerase II, RNA processing, exons, introns, P site, A site, mutation, point mutations(base substitution, base insertions and deletions), missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, mutagen


Topics and Questions


1. Describe the experiment performed by Hershey and Chase that settled the debate over whether the genetic material was DNA or protein.


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. Describe the structure of DNA deciphered by Watson and Crick. Know which bases are purines and pyrimidines, and which bases are complementary of one another.


. Describe semi-conservative replication. Discuss the anitparallel nature of the DNA strands and why this is important in determining how DNA replication takes place. (5’-’ direction).


4. In DNA replication discuss how daughter strands are synthesized (leading strand vs. lagging strand). Know the roles of all the enzymes involved.


5. Describe the repair method involved in proofreading replicated DNA and the repair method involved in repairing damaged DNA.


6. Know the three types of RNA. Also, compare and contrast DNA to RNA, like whether or not it is single or double-stranded, where in the cell it exists, differences in sugars and bases, and the role DNA and RNA plays in the cell.


7. Define codons and how they represent amino acids and how this is defined as the genetic code.


8. Define the roles of transcription, RNA processing, and translation in the flow of genetic information from gene to protein. Also, know where in the cell these processes take place.


. Describe what a promoter region is and what role transcription factors play in initiating transcription.


10. Describe the role of RNA polymerase in initiation, elongation and termination of the mRNA sequence during transcription.


11. Describe the regions found in pre-mRNA before it is processed and what regions are excised out and what regions are spliced together.


1. Describe the role the ribosome plays in translation and the function of its P site and A site.


1. Describe the structure of tRNA and the role it plays in translation.


14. Initiation, elongation, and termination also take place during translation. Describe how the ribosome and tRNA initially come together, how elongation of the peptide takes place and how the process is terminated and the ribosome and tRNA break free.


15. Define different types of point mutations, what causes them, and how they can produce missense, nonsense, or frameshift mutations in the protein structure.





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