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In today’s world, modern genetics has led to many techniques for manipulating genes and chromosomes. These techniques promise great improvements into future generations, also in medicine and agriculture. Cloning is the one of the most promising techniques. I will discuss cloning as a modern genetic technique in order to illustrate some examples of how it is done, disadvantages, and advantages.
Producing genetically identical organisms is called cloning. This name can be given to any method of reproduction which produces genetically identical offspring. So taking cuttings, layering and grafting are all examples of cloning. But recently the world has taken on a rather special meaning as a result of two very interesting experiments. An American scientist did the first experiment of cloning a plant. He cut out a little piece of a carrot and put it in a dish containing various nutrients. Then the carrot cells divided. The scientist then separated the cells, and put one of them on its own in a nutrient fluid. A remarkable thing happened. The cell multiplied and developed into a tiny embryo, which grew into a carrot plant. I think the great advantage of this technique is that lots of identical plants can be produced from one original plant. If the original plant has nice flowers, special chemical in its cells, or grown well, so will all the new plants. In my opinion this kind of cloning opens up all sorts of possibilities. I mean, if the carrots can be cloned, why not the other species? Turning this experiment into a commercial process is not easy, but cloning plants is now done on a large scale.
British scientist, using frogs, did the second experiment, which is the cloning an animal. First he took an unfertilized frog’s egg and destroyed its nucleus with ultraviolet radiation. Next he took a cell from a frog and carefully sucked out its nucleus with a very fine pipette. He then injected the nucleus into the egg. So he now had an egg containing a nucleus from another individual. The egg then developed into a frog. Moreover, the scientist went further. He took lots of nuclei out of the same frog, and injected them into eggs. In this way he produced lots of identical frogs. I think it is possible to see how this sort of thing might one day be used commercially.
I asked to my uncle to state one advantage of sexual reproduction over cloning, which is asexual reproduction. He answered “ It’s more fun”. He may have been right, but there are other things that he might have said. One of the great advantages of sexual reproduction is that the offspring differ from their parents and from each other (unless they are identical twins). They all differ because they contain different genes. So sexual reproduction gives rise to variety. Later I think we shall see that this enables the quality of the species to be improved. On the other hand asexual reproduction produces offspring, which are exactly alike, and like their parents. They all have the same genes. So I think that asexual reproduction does not give rise to variety, and it can’t improve species. Genetic defects and weaknesses are bound to be passed on to the offspring, and any infectious diseases are likely to be passed on too. So not having variety is one of the disadvantages of cloning. I think there are a few more examples of disadvantages of cloning. Disadvantages such as over population, laws and society and other things such as religious beliefs and places in society. In today’s world we have population problems. I think we are over population in the world and because of the increasing population the average area of one person is decreasing. So think what may happen in the future after cloning many humans. Everybody will have one or more identicals, I mean there will be two Sarels or more, instead of one, so the population will increase twice or more. Consequently, no place will left. If cloning falls under everybody’s control or comes into everybody’s possession the laws should be changed in order to make people cloning at specific number. So there may be chaos to make new laws. Also what about religious beliefs, I think cloning will be considered as playing with God. So religious people will rebel because they believe that God is the only true creator of life and it would be blasphemous for humans to make this role. Again there may be chaos between people who admires cloning and religious people.
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Although may people are opposed to the cloning of humans, there are some significant advantages. I think that it would be possible for parents to deny their child a recessive gene which both possess but neither express the ethics. By taking the DNA from a parent there would be a significant decrease in the risk of the child developing a serious disease.
There are some ethical and moral issues related to cloning. At first, I thought the idea of cloning a human seemed like something we shouldnt be trying to figure out. It is playing with nature in order to create another life. However, the more I researched this topic, the more I felt that cloning might not do only bad things in todays society. It really is like being a twin separated by time which would most likely produce totally distinct personalities. However, many anti cloning arguments are due to lack of understanding of its possibilities. The idea of cloned slave races controlled by the government programmed to work as robots for purposes of evil would not be possible because clones are born from a mother. They would have a normal birth and unless the government decides to run a day care center and raise the clones from birth. I think a cloned slave race is unlikely. However, with this modern age, we have a great deal of knowledge about genetics, which is likely to lead to other even scarier possibilities than cloning. Scientists have been attempting to put human genes in animals in order to produce organs that our bodies would accept in a transplant and various medicines. Although this may advance our field of medicine, whos to say scientists wont start playing around with our genes before we are ever born. This means a slave race could be possible, if peoples brain functions were removed genetically and then they were cloned to produce mass armies of half-human beings preprogrammed for war. Besides evil ways the genetic preprogramming could be used. Scientists also could attempt to preprogram people with positive characteristics such as higher intelligence or possibly a stronger physique. Although certain traits could produce more genetically advanced individuals. It seems that everyone would want their child to be perfect, and the natural system by which genes are presently selected would be abandoned.
In conclusion, it is extremely important as the future of cloning depends upon the beliefs of people. With just a little imagination, it seems easy to see the future of cloning leading to about a world where natural selection is conducted in the most unnatural of ways. I can imagine people paying fees to have the opportunity to raise a cloned movie star. Sports fans would pay big moneys for the opportunity to raise the clones of their favorite athletes. The lower classes will settle for cloned college professors or businessmen. Everyone will seek a better life for their children by making them more genetically inclined for success than their parents were. Eventually, “a grassroots movement will emerge, urging people to give birth to regular people, but there will be no regular people left to mate with.” So finally I think everyone will be a model, a genius or a super-athlete.
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