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The Topic of goodness has been written on by thousands of different writers and philosophers. Three of them are Aristotle, Immanuel Kant and Martin Buber. Each of them wrote different essays on their thoughts of goodness.
Some people think pleasure is good; others think that pleasure is bad. Aristotle was a man who sought pleasure and believed that pleasure is desirable. Can any person truthfully say that they do not desire pleasure in some form or appearance? No, every person desires, if not strives for, some sort of pleasure in their live. Even though Aristotle sought pleasure, he knew “there are pleasures of different kinds” so he avoided the “bad” pleasures, those that are immoral in their origin. Instead, Aristotle sought the “good” pleasures, those that were noble in their origin. Aristotle then asked if everyone desires pleasure then why do people not feel pleasure continuously. Aristotle answers this in a simple yet complete way; he says that human beings grow weary of pleasure and that the pleasure is derived from activities, so when the activity stops so does the pleasure. Both kinds of pleasure, those that are noble and those that are immoral, perfect the activities they accompany. If you take pleasure in an activity then you will do that activity better and better until it is perfected. But pleasure is neither the ultimate answer, nor the ultimate goal for Aristotle. The goal and end for Aristotle is happiness or the perfect state. Because pleasure perfects activities and activities make up life, through pleasure a person can reach the perfect state and happiness. Aristotle makes a point of stating that happiness is made up of virtuous activity, hence only “good” pleasures can lead to true happiness. The best and most virtuous activity according to Aristotle is a person’s reason. Reason must be encompassed into as many of our activities as possible as it is the most virtuous and divine thing a human is capable of. The journey to happiness is not easy and most people do not make it. However, unlike pleasure, happiness does not ever deteriorate.
Immanuel Kant was a firm believer in good will and duty. Kant believed that nothing could be considered “good” without qualification, except a good will. The only way according to Kant to gain a good will is through duty. Duty helps you when the question ‘What ought I do?’ comes in to play. Kant said that if you ought to do something then you should do it as duty. On the other hand he also said you may know you ought to do something but your motive may be bad and this would not be a good moral decision. The best kind of action according to Kant was a good moral duty that you did not want to do but did anyway. “... We will take the notion of duty, which includes that of a good will, although implying certain subjective restrictions and hindrances. These, however, far from concealing it, rather bring it out by contrast and make it shine forth so much the brighter.” Actions that are done through duty must be, for them to be truly a duty, done unselfishly and with good morals. A person must be aware of a rule or law for it to be a moral requirement. Because other influences are not moral and could be selfish Kant disregards their effect upon actions, e.g. the common practice or way, because he believes that it is impossible to conceive anything else in the world which can be taken as good without qualification. Meaning there is nothing in this world that we can categorize as total good or intrinsically good. Therefore, people cannot rely on instincts in a moral dilemma as Kant views instincts as he views irrational desires and all other things that might influence an action besides morality, wrong and irrelevant.
Martin Buber wrote in a highly poetic fashion making his Fundamental Relations I-Thou versus I-It making it the most difficult to comprehend of the three authors. In his essay Buber says that “The attitude of man is twofold, in accordance with the twofold nature of the primary worlds which he speaks.” The two primary words are I-Thou and I-It. I-It is a comparison with a material object, the way most people view the world. People experience things and that hence become I-It’s. I-Thou is not a comparison “not a thing among things” but truly cannot be defined; such as Love, a there is no way to do justice in defining the word Love. As Aristotle and his reason, Buber believes I-Thou is like a glimpse into the perfect and is the most divine thing humans are capable of doing. I-Thous like pleasures do not last and will eventually turn in to I-its. Buber is the most religious of the three authors, bringing God into his essay. He has different views on the world and “world”. The world is ideal where God is everything and God encompassed into everything. However, “world” is the relation of alienation.
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Through their essays, all the authors give explicit examples of what they believe. None of them believes the same time but both Buber and Aristotle have thoughts on viewing the ultimate and what is best in humans. Which leaves Kant more distant with his strict requirements for goodwill and duty. In the end, all the authors would agree that goodness is a admirable trait in a person and people should strive to attain it.
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