Geography & The Environment

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Geography and the environment affected the social, political, and/or historical development of early river valley civilizations. An example of how geography and the surrounding environment affected early civilizations is Mesopotamia (which was nicknamed the “Fertile Crescent”.


Mesopotamia was the first center of urban civilization. Mesopotamia was located in the area of modern Iraq and eastern Syria between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and had arid climates and deserts surrounding some of Mesopotamia. The first people to occupy Mesopotamia were the Sumerians. Sumerians created the Code Of Hammurabi (one of the first known set of written laws) and Cuneiform, which was their style of writing that looked like Hieroglyphics. Mesopotamia was flooded yearly at non-regular intervals, but always just once (usually between April and June) due to the melting snow on the nearby mountains. The result of the flood was silt deposited on the land that dried after the flood ended. The silt was rich in very useful minerals that were used for farming and Mesopotamias richness always attracted its poorer neighbors, and its history is a pattern of infiltration and invasion. Rainfall is sparse in most of the region, and irrigation canals watered the fertile soil and they yielded heavy crops. In the south, date palms grow, supplying rich food, useful fiber, wood, and fodder. Both rivers have fish, and the southern marshes contain wildfowl. He need for self-defense and irrigation led the ancient Mesopotamians to organize and build canals and walled settlements. Mesopotamia’s geographic location allowed easy irrigation for fields and also affected the political structure of their society. Sumerians shared basically the same culture but each “city-state” all had their own independent leader. The ziggurat (temple) was the center of the cities and the priest was the leader, but was later replaced by warriors and then monarchs. After 6000 BC the settlements grew, becoming cities by the 4th millennium BC. The oldest settlement in the area is believed to be Eridu, but the best example is Erech (Uruk) in the south, where mud-brick temples were decorated with fine metalwork and stonework, and growing administrative needs stimulated the invention of a form of writing, cuneiform. The Sumerians were probably responsible for this early urban culture, which spread north up the Euphrates. Important Sumerian cities, besides the two mentioned above, were Adab, Isin, Kish, Larsa, Nippur, and Ur.





A city-state is a self-governing, self-contained urban center, usually surrounded by a small dependent rural area. The typical city-state of antiquity was the Greek city, such as Athens, which had complete political independence. Rome in its early days was a city-state. During the period from the fall of the Roman Empire to the 1th century, many cities of northern Italy, such as Florence and Genoa, were city-states. Several north German cities also functioned as city-states, of which Bremen and Hamburg retained some independence well into the 1th century. As a separate and autonomous political unit, the city-state cannot exist within an empire or a modern national state. Athens is a good example of a city-state city in southeastern Greece, capital and largest city of the country. Situated on the Attic plain on the Greek mainland, it is surrounded by mountains on three sides, the most important of which are Párnis, Pend�li, and Hymettos (Imittós). Two minor streams, the Kifisós River in the west and the Ilisós River in the east, flow through the city. With its port, Piraeus (Pireás), which is located about 8 km (about 5 mi) to the southwest on the Gulf of Saronikós (an inlet of the Aegean Sea), it forms a unified metropolitan region. Athens dominates the economic, cultural, and political life of Greece. In 16 the population of the greater city area was ,100,000. A large portion of Greeces industrial activity is concentrated in and around Athens. Manufactures include textiles, alcoholic beverages, soap, flour, chemicals, paper products, leather, and pottery. Publishing, banking, and tourism are also important to the economy. The city serves as the hub of the national transportation network. At the heart of the modern city is Constitution Square, on or near which are found the Parliament Building and several museums. Although most of the city dates from after the mid-1th century, important works of antiquity remain. The most prominent and famous landmark is the Acropolis, a flat-topped hill on which stand the remains of the Parthenon and several other beautiful structures erected in the 5th century BC. Among the citys institutions of higher education are the National and Capodistrian University of Athens (187), the National Technical University of Athens (186), and schools of art, business, and agriculture. Athens has numerous museums, including the National Archaeological Museum, the Byzantine Museum, the Acropolis Museum, and the Benaki Museum, with their notable collections. The climate, geography, and environment affected the development of most early civilizations and Mesopotamia is a good example. Mesopotamia is dry and hot but there is good farming soil because of the flooding rivers.


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