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Night Life
The one thing that we as individuals have in common is that we sleep, well most of us do. Each night we lie in our beds, close our eyes and enter into a world that is virtually unknown to us. Scientists have studied the functions of sleep and have created many theories as to why we sleep, why we dream and what is happening in our brains during the sleep cycles. The article Night Life discusses a few of these theories and particularly the discusses the function of sleep.
During our sleep cycle there are five stages of sleep. The fist four stages are called non-REM sleep (NREM) and the last stage of sleep called REM (Rapid Eye Movement). During the NREM stages our muscles are relaxing, our heart rate slows down and the neurons that send information from are brain to other parts of the body are slowing down. Each stage lasts about ninety minutes, starting at stage one and moving up slowly to the fourth stage. Once we get to stage four, the deepest stage in NREM sleep we go back to stage three and two, waking slightly. Then we go into the fifth stage of sleep, REM sleep. During this stage our bodies function as if we were awake, that is, our heart rate increases, our blood pressure increases, our neurons are firing at different times and our eyes are moving rapidly. However, the muscles in our bodies are paralyzed. This is so we are unable to act out our dreams while we are asleep.
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The most popular topic concerning sleep seems to be dreams. Why do we dream and what do our dreams mean? These answers have been theorized by many different psychologists and scientists throughout history. Sigmund Freud believed that dreams were repressed wished, Carl Jeung believed they were stories collected from our unconscious mind, Francis Crick said they act as a garbage can for our brains, allowing us to forget certain things that happen and many more scientists have given their opinions as well. Yet it still seems as though science has still not been able to explain this part of life.
Robert Stickgold, a neuroscientist at Harvard University has done a lot of research on sleeping and dreaming and he believes that during sleep our minds become clinically insane. He also says that we are so comfortable with dreaming that we do not realize that these dreams are in fact hallucinations and not realities and that the ability to produce insane thoughts exists in all of us.
If this is true, that are dreams are hallucinations, why does this happen? Do our dreams help us to forget or to remember? What is the purpose of “neural chaos” during sleep? In 14 at the Weitzman Institute in Israel, researchers Avi Karni and Dov Sagi found that if a person is being trained in a task and gets a good night sleep they will indeed function much better the next day. However, if wakened during a REM cycle of sleep, they will not function better at all. Bob Stickgold also found that it is the last REM cycle that is most important to our daily performance. If, according to his experiment (page ), a person sleeps less than six hours, not having that last REM cycle of sleep, their brain will not have processed and stored the information correctly and therefore they have not learned anything.
Stickgold has also said that from research done by his students, the first and second sleep stage is also very important to our learning abilities. He explains that due to the high level of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter released in the brain in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) in the brain during REM sleep and the low level in NREM sleep, the information is communicated throughout the cycles of sleep, to different parts of the brain, making sure the brain is storing what it needs to know.
There are many other theories on why and how we sleep. Perhaps it is one of sciences’ mysteries that may never be uncovered. For right now though, it seems that our bodies use sleep a mechanism for learning, forgetting, remembering, imagining, and hallucinating. Its seems as thought we need all of these things for functioning properly and until we know more about the brain, we must understand that any and all of these theories are true.
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