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Plato and Aristotle, two philosophers in the 4th century, hold polar views on politics
and philosophy in general. This fact is very cleverly illustrated by Raphaels School of
Athens (1510-11; Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican), where Plato is portrayed looking up
to the higher forms; and Aristotle is pointing down because he supports the natural
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sciences. In a discussion of politics, the stand point of each philosopher becomes an
essential factor. It is not coincidental that Plato states in The Republic that Philosopher
Rulers who possess knowledge of the good should be the governors in a city state. His
strong interest in metaphysics is demonstrated in The Republic various times for
example, the similes of the cave, the sun, and the line, and his theory of the forms.
Because he is so involved in metaphysics, his views on politics are more theoretical as
opposed to actual. Aristotle, contrarily, holds the view that politics is the art of ruling
and being ruled in turn. In The Politics, he attempts to outline a way of governing that
would be ideal for an actual state. Balance is a main word in discussing Aristotle
because he believes it is the necessary element to creating a stable government. His less
metaphysical approach to politics makes Aristotle more in tune with the modern world,
yet he is far from modern.
Platos concept of what politics and government should be is a direct result of
his belief in the theory of forms. The theory of forms basically states that there is a
higher form for everything that exists in the world. Each material thing is simply a
representation of the real thing which is the form. According to Plato, most people
cannot see the forms, they only see their representation or their shadows, as in the
simile of the cave. Only those who love knowledge and contemplate on the reality of
things will achieve understanding of the forms. Philosophers, who by definition are
knowledge lovers, are the only beings who can reach true knowledge. This concept has
to be taken a step further because in The Republic, Plato states that philosophers should
be the rulers since they are the only ones who hold the form of the good. Plato seems to
be saying that it is not enough to know the forms of tables or trees, one must know the
greatest form--form of the good--in order to rule. The reasoning is if you know the
good, then you will do the good. Therefore, philosopher rulers are by far the most apt
to rule.
In The Republic, Plato builds around the idea of Philosopher Rulers. Even
though it is not his primary point, it certainly is at the core of his discussion of the ideal
state. The question that arises is, Why do you need ideal states which will have
philosophers as rulers? There are many layers to the answer of this question. The first
thing is that a state cannot be ideal without having philosophers as rulers. This answer
leads to the question, Then why do you need ideal states to begin with? The Republic
starts with a discussion of Justice which leads to the creation of the ideal state. The
reason why an ideal state is needed is to guarantee the existence of Justice. This does
not mean, though, that there cannot be states without Justice. Actually, Plato provides
at least two reasons why the formation of a state cannot be avoided. These are 1.
human beings are not self-sufficient so they need to live in a social environment, and .
each person has a natural aptitude for a specified task and should concentrate on
developing it (The Republic, pp 56-6). Although a person is not self-sufficient, a
composition of people--a state--satisfies the needs of all its members. Furthermore,
members can specialize on their natural fortitudes and become more productive
members of society.
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