Harlem

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Harlem


In Langston Hughes’ poem, “Harlem” he uses many poetic devices to explain how everyone can achieve anything if they have a dream. The author uses poetic devices such as similes, rhymes, tone and diction to develop a theme in the story and describe what can happen to a dream.


The author uses imagery to describe “the festering of a sore.” If that person’s dream is not fulfilled it can feel like a sore. The author uses many similes throughout the poem; for instance, “Does it stink like rotten meat?” The author uses rhyming too, for example “Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- and then run?” The tone the author uses sounds upset because the dream is being abused, until the end when it is like a whisper, “Or does it explode?”


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The theme of the poem is that anyone who has a dream can achieve it if they believe. The author uses the metaphor, “Or (does the dream) crust and sugar over?” The author is trying to tell the readers that if they hide they’re sweet dream that it will crust over like old honey. The tone the author takes is gloomy throughout the poem, using gross similes and metaphors to show what can happen if a dream is not nurtured, until the end when he shows that if you try your dreams can take you very far.


The poem does teach a good lesson, and serves its purpose. It teaches the reader that they can go far and explode into the world if that’s what they’re dream is. It does impact the reader because it shows that if you don’t explore your dreams then it will just dry up, fester, stink and sugar over.





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Life/Death:Who will win?

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The theme of light and dark is reoccurring through out The Scarlet Letter by the conflict between Hester and Pearl. Hester and Pearl’s battle over the light and darkness strengthens the theme of Hester’s doomed darkness and Pearl’s prevailing light.


Pearl and Hester are continually battling over the light to become pure. Hester is doomed to be in the darkness because of the sins she commits. A sign of Hester vanishing light is her beauty. As she sins her beauty slowly begins to fade. The darkness “had the effect of a spell… enclosing her is a sphere by herself”(4). Because is doomed to be lonely the darkness is able to consume her. Hester herself causes the light to disappear and the darkness to conquer. As Hester stood “It was only the darkened house that could contain her. When the sunshine came again, she was not there”(68). Hawthorne shows Hester is consumed by darkness because of her past sins. Pearl patronizes Hester that the light will not shine on her. Pearl states, “the sunshine does not love you. It runs away … because it’s afraid of something in your bosom”(110). Pearl causes the conflict over the light because she is greedy and wants Hester to suffer due to misdeeds. The conflict between Pearl and Hester strengthens the darkness surrounding Hester because of Hester’s sins. Pearl is at the Governor’s house she requests “The sunshine be stripped off its front and given to her to play with”(78). Pearl shows her true colors because she only wants the light to provoke her mother. By taking the light this leaves Hester in the darkness. Hester responds “No my little Pearl. Thou must gather thine own sunshine”(10). Both Pearl and Hester want the light to become pure and repent for their sins. The more Hester fights back the more darkness consumes her. Wherever “Hester stood… a sort of magical circle had formed around her”(06). By allowing the discord to continue the battle between light and dark will never be solved.


The battle between Hester and Pearl allows the theme of light and dark to be predominant and show that darkness cannot be conquered by hate.





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The Important Sun

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The sun has been known for its importance since the beginning of time. Even the Bible quotes its very importance. Sunlight helps us in ways that we do not always realize. Scientifically, the sun influences our environment every day. It also influences people symbolically too. Think of the many cave inscriptions symbolizing the sun and how it was worshiped.


The shadows that fell over my plant caused it to yearn for sunlight. In its darkened state, my plant wilted and died. It needed sunlight in order to perform the very vital process of photosynthesis. Without that life-giving process, it ceased to exist.


How many suntan oils are offered on the market? These companies stay in business because people want to be tan. People not only love the feel of the sun on their skin, but they also love the look of it. Many women have been reknowned for their sunkissed glows, for example, Raquel Welch. The suns gift of tan made an everlasting impression and influenced many of movies leading ladies to follow.


In a not so realistic, yet symbolic role, the sunlight kills or disables vampires. If you watch a movie in which a vampire comes in contact with sunlight, it is not a pretty sight. They shreik and hiss as they eventually melt away. Thereby, the sun, acting as our hero, rids the world of these unwanted menaces.


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Even though it hides under clouds or when Earth turns its back, we can take comfort in knowing our sun is always there. Because of its importance to our existence as well as its popularity, the sun truly is our brightest star.


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Tears in the Sand

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The year is 108. For the past ten years, the world’s most crucial resource has run short; the water supply. Global warming has reduced peoples’ lives to a constant struggle for survival. Organized crime is now controlling the distribution of water, and is setting ridiculously high prices. Water is being sold anywhere from two thousand to ten thousand dollars per litre. There have been many attempts to shut down this organization, but it has many followers and much power, much like the “Mafia” of the 0th Century. The world is much different than it was, and peoples’ hope is running thin.


Bethsheba Zimmerman walks into the bathroom of her small apartment in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. Most of Canada’s population moved up north when global warming had begun, where the melting ice caps provided much water. After ten years, however, the water level in the oceans seems to be dropping by the hour due to evaporation, and many, once prospering cities have become deserts as the people never see rain. People have been forced to live their lives inside structures almost like bubbles surrounding entire cities, these bubbles are completely sealed from the outside world and provide a perfect climate as well as shielding from the harsh sun.


Many people generally stay close to their homes as to be close to their water supplies because of occasional theft. The security systems are almost perfect, but they are however computers, which are increasingly becoming less trusted. Beth turns on the shower, which no longer provides water, but bursts of air which is somewhat less effective. She pours some of the contents of her drywash cleanser over her body and hair. She hates the grainy feel of the powder on her skin and gets out after only a few minutes.


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Beth punches in the code to her refrigerator and opens the door to her most valued possessions. Ten one litre bottles of sparkling water seem to glow and shimmer underneath the harsh fluorescent light. Her hand shakes as she opens one of the full bottles and pours a quarter cup of the precious liquid into her glass. She can hardly resist gulping it down at once, but she has learned after years of self-restraint that losing control could mean the death of her. She has to take one sip at a time in order for her body to fully absorb the liquid.


Beth remembers from her years studying history, of the third World War against Iraq. No one had suspected Saddam Hussein would attack Canada, but he had obviously been planning the attack for some time. When George W. Bush visited Parliament in Ottawa, Ontario, that is when all hell broke loose. Hussein figured that since Canada refused to participate in the war, that Canada would be ill-prepared, and he was right. The Canadian citizens had to escape in the few bomb shelters there were, but did not have time to obtain the necessary food and water supplies. Fear prevented the people from leaving the shelters as Hussein was using chemical weapons on all of Canada, so they had to remain down there for weeks preserving the food and water in ridiculously small rations. Beth’s situation reminded her of this and she feared her outcome might be the same as Canada’s if she didn’t do something about it.


As Beth walked down the tunnels of her ‘prison’ she saw fear and desperation in her neighbors’ faces. Everyone had tried to be brave, but the realization of their grim future showed itself too well after all these years. Beth was also afraid for their humanity. She saw even the most kind and generous people turn on each other for a bottle of water. She was no exception to this, as she constantly felt her sanity beginning to crack. Her fear occasionally threatened to consume even her most rational beliefs, but she still held on to the hope that she might actually save the world.


Beth sat down in her transport capsule which would bring her directly to her office at the research station. She was assigned to lead the project of building the sealed structures over most of the world three years after the start of the global warming. They had only been fully completed one month ago. This seven year project was necessary if the world wanted to see rain anytime soon.


Beth walked into the lab. Dr. Williams was there to greet her. “Beth, everything’s all set to go, you should just look over the time sequencing of the D-Bomb.”


Beth gave a determined nod, and sat down at her computer. Many of the recent computers had been modeled after those in the early 1st Century because of the virus that nearly destroyed every system in 087. It is surprising to think how many people once thought computers would be so dominate in the future. As Beth reviewed the D-Bomb program, she thought about how accurate this plan might be. After the world realized that the global warming was going to last for a long period of time, it was clear that action needed to be taken. Beth’s project came up with the idea to set off a controlled nuclear fission bomb, which would create ash in the atmosphere, around the earth in the ozone layer. This ash would act as a cloud trapping the water that is being evaporated and eventually change the climate in order for it to rain. The only problem with this was that the sun would not be able to penetrate through the cloud nearly as much and would cause the temperature to drop an undeterminable amount. This drastic climate change is the reason the structures over the cities had to have been built.


The D-Bomb (Dust Bomb) would be activated in Albuquerque, New Mexico, as the United States being mostly made up of uninhabitable deserts. Beth glanced down at her watch, 84 am. She brought the visual of the D-Bomb on her screen. It was the size of an apple, but had the power of anything this world has ever know. Luckily for them, the research into nuclear fission had reached a breakthrough in 081, which gave them the ability to control the explosion. Everyone hurried to their stations. Not a word was spoken as they prepared to set off the bomb. All the technical aspects were taken care of, now all Beth had to do was to press the little blue button that would initiate the explosion. She glanced at her co-workers. Some gave her nervous smiles, while others could barely stay still with anxious anticipation. Beth placed her finger over the button and began to lower it. Everyone was watching, eagerly waiting for the final moment. Beth pushed it. She looked out of the clear structure, she heard nothing, but saw a fine spray of dust coming towards her at an amazing speed. Although she was at no harm, she instinctively threw her arms around her head. She glanced at her monitor; the project seemed to be going according to plan. The dust was now approaching the ozone lay. There was nothing to be seen outside, as everything was covered in dust. All they had to do now was wait.


It had been three weeks, and nothing had happened. Beth knew it would take time, but obviously she had hoped for sooner. She was just about to open her fridge, when something came in view of her peripheral vision. She turned and at once burst into tears. She struggled with the emergency escape hatch and burst out into the drizzle of the first rain in ten years. She saw many others had joined her and were almost screaming with happiness. A drop of rain landed on Beth’s hand, and she looked down at the perfect circle of water and was at once mesmerized by its beauty. Never before this tragedy had anyone ever thought twice about the beauty of water. Sure, people new that it was necessary for survival, but they never really appreciated it as Beth was now able to. To her it seemed to have life of its own, to shine from within, and represent all that is pure and true. Now, maybe she was finally beginning to lose her mind after all these years of control, but somehow, Beth knew she was more sane than ever.





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affects of pornography

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Affects of Pornography


Pornography is often viewed as a harmless activity. Not true! Today’s


pornography is no longer a bit of full-frontal nudity and some bumping and grinding. The


stuff that used to be illegal, cruelty, degradation and humiliation of women through


Custom Essays on affects of pornography


close-ups of penetration, ejaculation and masturbation are now legal. Pornography


doesn’t create a desire to be close, it destroys intimacy in a marriage. Also, pornography


greatly degrades women. Furthermore, a subject that may often be overlooked, is the


danger and sometimes psychological affects pornography has on the ‘misguided


participants’. In many aspects, pornography has several negative affects in American


culture.


Pornography can be harmful to a marriage. It creates unrealistic demands about


how much sex a healthy relationship may have, specific sexual acts that are expected to be


performed, and how a woman is supposed to respond to sexual actions, to name just a


few. Real life is quite often different as to what is represented in the fake world of


pornography. And when a husband demands that reality fulfills his fantasy, sex becomes


not as good for him and degrading to his wife. In the end, both feel awkward, less


interested in sex with each other, and sometimes angry. Many men who watch


pornography compare their wives to what they have seen. And face it, no wife can live up


to the image pornography brings into her husbands mind. One wife said, Although I was


careful with my clothes and figure, I found that my husband was increasingly critical of the


way I looked. . . . I wasnt attractive enough to compete with eternally young, surgically


altered models. . . . In the end, he lost all interest in me as a sexual partner. This had a


devastating impact on my view of my worth as a woman. It created such despair in me


that I began to let my appearance go. (Russell, Diana p. ). When a man is married and


becomes addicted to pornography his fantasies become more explicit, more bizarre and


more touched with violence to achieve any level of excitement with his wife. Since images


alone are not enough, desire to act out the fantasies becomes more powerful. Sex between


a man and a woman who are married is sometimes looked at as a gift from God that


should be given our respect. But pornography is bad because of the way in which it


presents sex. It often shows women being physically and emotionally tortured. Most


importantly, all pornography presents women only as a tool for pleasure. Whether it’s


Playboy or an X-rated film, pornography conditions the person looking at it to see all


women in his life in the same way he sees the women in his pornographic pictures. These


men very often go on to act out what they have seen, either with their wives or with a


stranger. In a message researched by Edward Donnerstein, he concluded that, If you


take normal males and expose them to graphic violence against women in R-rated films,


the research doesnt show that theyll commit acts of violence against women. It doesnt


say they will go out and commit rape. But it does demonstrate that they become less


sensitized to violence against women, they have less sympathy for rape victims, and their


perceptions and attitudes and values about violence change. Pornography obviously can


make two people grow farther apart and make a marriage even harder than it already is!


Pornography is degrading to women. Often in a pornographic film, I have


researched and come to the conclusion that there is very little view of a woman’s face or


any part of her anatomy other than the genital region. Also, the action consists mainly of


close-ups of anal and vaginal penetration. Sometimes the girl undergoes double


penetration while practicing oral sex on a third man, or with more than one man at the


same time. How much more degrading can you get? I was not even aware of how


graphic these films got. What’s even more revolting is that in many of these videos the


men ejaculate over the girl’s face. The girl’s expression is portraying pleasure, but for one


brief moment when she thinks the camera isn’t looking, her facial expression changes and


you see her disgusted before she resumes her pose. Again, this may be graphic but this is


the real dirt on pornography and the degradation of women. Pornography is responsible


for spreading the idea that women are available and willing at anytime to fulfill a mans


sexual demands. In most cases, it portrays women as mindless objects who exist only to


service a mans every sexual need. It also gives the viewer a demeaning view of women as


being nothing more than animals interested in sex. Pornography presents women in


stereotypical views. And hey, in pornographic films where do the women come into the


picture as far as sexual pleasure? When a man wants pleasure the women are at his every


beck and call. When a women may request something it is simply an inconvenient


expectation of her own. In pornography men certainly do not value women for their


minds. Since they don’t appear to have discovered that women have such a thing! Men


who repeatedly look at pornography lose their ability to give women the respect they


deserve. Instead of enjoying the mind and heart of a woman, they focus on her body


undressing her in their thoughts and picturing what it would be like to have a sexual


encounter with her. In many cases, they find it difficult and uncomfortable to imagine


themselves being involved with a woman in any other way than physically. Pornography is


easily identified as being degrading to women. Even I, as a male, find it offensive that


women are portrayed in such ways.


There are many risks that ‘porn stars’ take when participating in such an industry.


Production companies that actually make the films or the performers the producers hire,


are men and women as young as 18, for sex that is often unprotected. According to a


report done by ABC News in October of 00, only a handful of high end production


companies require condoms, leaving the majority of performers vulnerable to AIDS and


other sexually transmitted diseases. While some companies require performers to take


HIV tests, there is no government regulating these tests in the industry. Keep in mind that


performers sexual activity off the set, with spouses or lovers, can spread disease beyond


the industry. At conventions and other public events, the adult industry portrays itself as a


happy family promoting shame-free sexual enjoyment. But privately, many performers say


the reality is very different. As quoted in the ABC news report, Theres some unwritten


law or agenda out here in Pornoland that … if we tell the truth about whats really going


on here, the fan will get turned off, said Ona Zee, a former performer who now wants to


help in the fight for a change in the porn industry. Porn movies are very popular. They


also are on the shelves for quite a bit of time. When a porn movie is made, the performers


get a lump sum of money. Even if their movie does extremely well , most performers see


little of the profits. They are seldom paid upon how well their movie sells, and often get


only a flat fee. The fees vary from $50 to $1,000 for a regular sex scene to a few


thousand dollars for more extreme sex according to research done by ABC News. Few of


the companies provide health insurance, and most performers find they must work without


condoms if they want to keep getting jobs. The fans dont like to see condoms, said


performer Belladonna, which is a belief that common in the industry. Like many other


performers I have researched, Belladonna started in the business when she was 18, the


legal minimum. What’s even scarier is that many producers and distributors argue that


performers are ‘independent contractors’, not their employees, so they dont have any


responsibility for them. As stated in ABC news, this is an issue about disease, HIV,


chlamydia, gonorrhea, young men and women entering an issue that they often dont know


enough about. Pornography is proven to be very dangerous. There are even veteran porn


stars who counsel young people entering the business. That’s how bad it has gotten. The


porn stars need counseling! 18-year-olds are too young to make the potentially


life-altering decision to go into porn. In tests administered by the Adult Industry Medical


HealthCare Foundation clinic to 48 adults between October 001 and March 00, 40


percent tested positive for at least one sexually transmitted disease, according to The


Times. The tests, conducted at Sherman Oaks clinic, found nearly 17 percent had


chlamydia, 1 percent had gonorrhea and 10 percent had Hepatitis B or C. These


numbers were shocking to me. Why isn’t the porn industry regulated more carefully by


government agencies? If nothing is done, pornography will just get worse and people in


the industry will be put at a greater risk.


There’s an endless list as to the negative affects of pornography. It directly affects


marriages, is offensive and degrading towards women, and is harmful towards the people


participating in adult films. Pornography has expanded into a multi-billion dollar industry


and the United States culture has been affected, research proves. Where will this end?


The appetite for pornography seems to be growing and definitely unstoppable.














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how have perceptions on gender and gender relations affected life in australia

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on how have perceptions on gender and gender relations affected life in australia. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality how have perceptions on gender and gender relations affected life in australia paper right on time.

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For many years women were the victims of a patriarchal society. It has been the main accusation of the women’s movement since its inception that men have treated women badly. They have for centuries used them as sex objects, child bearers and unpaid domestic slaves. (McNamara K et al, 1). All these themes are brought brutally to life in a play called Medea. Not only were women treated unfairly by men but also by society, as they weren’t entitled to equal opportunity… Fortunately perceptions on gender relations has changed slowly yet dramatically over the years which has created change in life in Australia. In this essay it will take you through the ideas of a patriarchal society, the changes that have occurred leading to how the changing perceptions on gender affected life in Australia.


A primary reason for the gender inequality is because of the perception of the sexual division of labour. It has been seen that men as a group tend to be more economically and politically powerful and have more prestige than women. As a group woman have less income, wealth, power and prestige than men do collectively. (Bessant J & Watts R, 00)


It was seen that men sold their labour in the labour market while women did the housework. Those women that did work earned much less then men. Also many women did not receive an education as it was seen as a waste on them since they would be housewives, which prevented them from many jobs in the near future.


However, fortunately much of the perception on gender has changed and we are moving away from a patriarchal society, that is not to say that sexism still doesn’t exist. Since the second world war perceptions on gender and gender relations seem to have changed several times. All those changes that occurred were the build up that shapes life in Australia today.


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In the immediate post war period until the 150s, there was a lot of emphasis on the value of home and heath. Women’s jobs were required for the men returning from the war. In the 160s the emphasis changed; an expanding economy meant more jobs and more money, and a greater sense of freedom. It wasn’t so much home and heath as sex drugs and rock n roll. ‘It was an era that released women from the role of a domestic wife only to replace it with the image of a liberated woman who had to be sexy, independent and self-confident. (Goulds S, 185)


It was in the 170s when most of the changing occurred. The campaign for women’s rights grew stronger and louder. They formed Organisations to demand equal pay and more freedom in their lives. They were granted equal pay and had more rights. In the 180s, Equal Opportunity laws were introduced to give women equal opportunity in the workplace. In 184,the Government passed the Sex Discrimination Act. This made it illegal to discriminate against a person on the basis of their sex. For women this meant employers could no longer refuse to employ them simply because they were a female, married or pregnant. This law gave women more employment opportunity, opening doors into careers or positions that no longer were dominated by men. (Sheppard A, 00)


Another major change that occurred over the years is women in parliament. At first many people perceived parliament to be a place not for women. Therefore women stood independently of formed their own party. In the 170s women’s liberation campaigners renewed the push to elect women into parliament throughout Australia. A Government lobby group was formed on women’s issues and to provide them with the support they needed to get into parliament. Ten years later there were 58 female members in parliament. In 001, out of the total 4 parliamentarians, 55 were female. This rate was almost double the rate of females in parliament throughout the world.


Education is another major factor to consider when thinking of the changes that have occurred in life in Australia. For many years women did not get an education, it was seen pointless for them as their duty was to stay at home rather than work. Or as also suggested by Goulds S, (185) that women aren’t as capable as men. “Women’s subjects are somehow less practical. Is this difference a reflection of the fact that society still does not really expect women to have earn a living, or not for very long anyhow, or does it infact measure a very real difference between male and female abilities?”


Gradually and slowly girls started to get the chance to an education. Fabian S and Morag (180) found that in 1875 the first Australian academic college for girls was founded. In New South Wales, after the 188 Public School Act, there was public school education for girls, who could study the same subject as boys. By the 1880’s a select few woman were getting higher education. Out of the 17 girls that enrolled at Melbourne University, only forty-eight went on to university and of them only eight graduated. On the whole, girls were still supposed to be sensible mother and wife rather than professionals or academic.


Sheppard A (00), also found that Melbourne University was the first to allow women to attend classes and sit examinations that enabled a qualification as in 1876, Adelaide University allowed girls to attend class but not sit exams, which prevented them from getting a qualification. The first woman to graduate from Melbourne University was Julia Belle Guerian in 188. It wasn’t until 180 that an Australian woman qualified as a doctor, and in10 when a woman graduated in law but wasn’t permitted to practise as a lawyer until 11 when women were accepted into the profession.


Michele Lonsdale (17) wrote a book about the changing lives of women since the 150’s. Here she explores the change and progress of education in each decade. In the 150s state education streamed along gender lines girls did Home Economics while boys did woodwork. This was to prepare girls for jobs such as secretaries and boys for jobs in the trade. The late 150s saw the introduction to a broader curriculum; education was still though largely a masculine affair though. Australian Women’s Weekly in 15 wrote ‘ Most girls are interested � naturally- in the marriage prospects offered by various careers. Therefore, if your object is matrimony, it is logical to take a job where you’ll met men.’…In the 160s more of a change started to occur. Girls were encouraged to stay on at school longer, the demand for post-secondary education increased, bringing with it greater career options for young women. Paid work then gave married women greater financial independence and enriched them socially, as the idea of a homemaker became less appealing to them...In the 170s a report raised awareness of girls and education, as a result equal opportunities officers were appointed in schools to investigate sexism. A greater awareness of sexism occurred which brought women closer to feminist thinking and radical politics. It was a breakthrough for women as one writes ‘… Education is like food. I had waited so long. Being a housewife was in noway satisfying, it was bloody lonely. Being with other adults, being feed food all this exciting stuff was just terrific. In those early years we were all hungry for knowledge’…In the 180s the decade offered more hope for women. Girls were actively encouraged to take up computer and business studies to broaden their career choices. Schools were targeted to ensure that girls were aware of their options. They were able to take up subjects they couldn’t before and boys were able to take up humanity subjects.


Now about about 54% of university students are female and are enrolled in all courses offered in Australia, which has lead to an increase in careers for females and financial independence.


As you can tell from the research many changes has occurred over the years mainly focusing on women and their rights. Those changes have had great implications on life in Australia today. The female’s role has changed from a housemaid to independent women that are free to make her own decisions. Many females are taking up study and careers instead of giving birth. Therefore the birthrate has declined and the age for marriage has increased as females have more of say now. Women are also getting paid the same, as men therefore are financially independent. There was a great belief that women were meant to be sensible, caring and emotional while men were strong, less emotional and assertive. (Bessant J & Watts R, 00) It is now realised that this assumption is only a stereotype, as you can’t judge a gender on those characteristics.


However, even though life in Australia has changed because of the percpectives on gender there still remains a lot of room for improvement and questions to be answered. Why hasn’t Australia had a female PM yet? Why does our High Court mainly consist of male judges? Why do women make up fewer than 5 % of company directors of the top 100 businesses? (Bessant J & Watts R, 00)


Furthermore, why do double standards still occur if perceptions have on gender has changed? why do females still wait for men to ask them out on a date or propose to them? Why do males pay for females and open doors for them but not the other way round? Why cant females in the AFL if some women are capable of it?


Even though many gaps still do exist in life in Australia today to do with gender and gender relations, the development is still significant in our lives today. Those questions may or may not ever be answered but both ways gender inequality has decreased which has benefited many lives and life in Australia especially for females. Many females must also be commended for the fight they put on to get where they are today in Australia.











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Development of Pyramids

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The Old Kingdom spanned five centuries of rule from the Third through to the Sixth Dynasty. According to Wilson, this went from 700 � 00 BC. During the Third Dynasty architecture and art boomed, and the Step Pyramid of Djoser, which was the world’s first building made from stone, was created. This Step Pyramid became the prototype for the pyramids that were erected at Giza in the Fourth Dynasty where Sneferu completed at least three pyramids. One of these was the first true pyramid. Also the Great Pyramid at Giza was completed, which is believed to have been constructed by Khufu. Dynasty Four lead to the worship of the sun god, Re in the Fifth Dynasty where sun temples were then created although pyramids were still constructed. The Sixth Dynasty marked the growing independence of the nobles, but declined rapidly.


The Third Dynasty marked the beginning of a new era. The beginning of the pyramids started in the reign of Djoser, the second king of the Third Dynasty. Imhotep was Djoser’s vizier and architect of the Step Pyramid complex at Sakkara. This Step Pyramid was unique as it was not a smooth pyramid, but instead had a series of mastabas built one on top of another, decreasing in size towards the top. Previous royal tombs had been made from mud bricks, but Imhotep decided to use stone as a building material. This pyramid seems to be the first building in Egypt to have been made completely from stone. The mortuary temple is located and attached on the north side of the Step Pyramid which was connected to the burial chamber by a tunnel. This temple is a large rectangular building with an entrance to the east. It also had two courts, one for Upper and Lower Egypt, and a long corridor with several rooms. The design of the Step Pyramid emphasised the two lands of Upper and Lower Egypt over which the pharaoh ruled. It was also probably intended by Imhotep to be a re-creation of Djoser’s home.


The peak of the Old Kingdom was reached in the Fourth Dynasty. There had been a religious shift in this dynasty. This is shown in a number of architectural developments, such as the introduction of the true pyramid, which was a different type of pyramid complex. The Fourth Dynasty complex had changed quite differently to that of the Third Dynasty. This included one or more subsidiary pyramids, and also a causeway leading from the valley temple to the mortuary temple. Also another difference to the Third Dynasty was that the mortuary temple changed on the east to face the rising sun rather than the north.


The Great Pyramid is the largest stone building on earth, and the last surviving wonder of the ancient world. Its base covers just over thirteen acres, and it is composed of some . million blocks of granite and limestone, weighing from .5 to seventy tons apiece, which rise in two hundred and three layers to the height of a forty-story building. The Pyramid was originally covered with twenty one acres of polished, marble-like casing stones. This pyramid was built for Khufu as an eternal resting place and was a symbol of the sun god, and was believed to have been a huge representation of a sacred stone. In addition to the Great Pyramid, there were a two other large pyramids which were each constructed by Khafre and Djedefre. Although these two pyramids were very impressive, they did not match the craftsmanship of the Great Pyramid.


Custom Essays on Development of Pyramids


During the Fifth Dynasty, the solar religion was even more firmly established, when the kings built solar temples as well as pyramids. This may explain why the Fifth Dynasty Pyramids were inferior compared to their predecessors. The building effort was no longer concentrated on the building of a single pyramid and their temples. Economic and political factors may have had some importance as well. The Fifth Dynasty government seems to have been less centralised and less strong. Private tombs were no longer restricted to the vicinity of the king’s pyramid. Some private people had their tombs built in their own province and not in or near the necropolis of Memphis. The last king of the Fifth Dynasty, Unas, introduced his pyramid as the first to have been decorated with texts. These texts relate to the fate of the king in the afterlife, when he takes his place among the gods and among the stars. There was a standardisation in the building of pyramid complexes. Most kings built their pyramid complex at Abusir, near the solar temple of Userkaf, who had built his own pyramid at Sakkara. Also the pyramids were significantly smaller than those of the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty. This has often been explained by the more limited resources available to the Fifth Dynasty kings. Although most of the Fifth Dynasty kings no longer appeared to limit their building efforts to a pyramid complex and the complexes were often beautifully decorated. Despite all these changes, the Fifth Dynasty may have been closely related to the Fourth.


From a cultural point of view, the Sixth Dynasty is the continuation of the end of the Fifth Dynasty. The kings continued to commission pyramids for their mortuary cult. The pyramids and mortuary temples of this period are of a standard size and basically have the same layout. The burial chamber, antechamber and entrance corridor of these pyramids are inscribed with Pyramid Texts, following the example set by Unas of the Fifth Dynasty. Most kings of the Sixth Dynasty also chose to build their funerary monument in Sakkara and here too they were following the example of the last two kings of the Fifth Dynasty. Although the resources needed to construct the pyramid complexes of the Fourth Dynasty and the sun temples of the Fifth Dynasty contributed to the depletion of revenue in the Sixth Dynasty.


At the end of the reign of Pepi II, a decline in economic conditions was caused by excessive use of resources, decline in foreign trade and lack of rain. This went on to a decline in the prestige and status of the kings from the Fourth Dynasty, which led to independence of the bureaucracy, which was filled with men who felt they no longer owed their position to the king. This caused the king’s prestige to suffer as he failed to fulfill his duties to the people, and this led to the collapse of Old Kingdom Egypt, which brought about the First Intermediate Period.


Throughout the Third to Sixth Dynasty many changes occur to the pyramid complexes. From the original Step Pyramid complex of the Third Dynasty, to the large ‘true’ pyramids, such as the Great Pyramid of Khufu in the Fourth Dynasty. Then changes from the Fourth Dynasty to the Fifth in worship of the sun god and the finely detailed sun temples constructed dedicated to this god, which detracted from the quality of the pyramids, making them inferior to the previous dynasties efforts, which then continued into the Sixth Dynasty that finally caused the collapse of Old Kingdom Egypt.


Pamela Bradley � Ancient Egypt � Reconstructing the Past


Jennifer Lawless � Studies in Ancient Egypt � Periods and Personalities


Gae Callender � Egypt in the Old Kingdom


Zahi Hawass � The Pyramids of Ancient Egypt


Zahi Hawass - Development of the Royal Mortuary Complex - http//www.guardians.net/hawass/mortuary1.htm


Egypt, land of the Pyramids �


http//library.thinkquest.org/C011761/11.htm


Egypt, Ancient Kingdom of �


http//www.africana.com/Articles/tt_411.htm


Royal Cemeteries outside Thebes (Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom) �


http//www.thebanmappingproject.com/articles/article_..html


The Old Kingdom � 650 � 14 BC �


http//www.wsu.edu/~dee/EGYPT/OLD.HTM


Please note that this sample paper on Development of Pyramids is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Development of Pyramids, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Development of Pyramids will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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